Module 3_Grammar
Grammar
The Infinitive / The Gerund
В данном разделе представлены упражнения по практической грамматике английского языка по изучаемым темам “Функции Инфинитива” и “Функции Герундия”, позволяющие систематизировать сложные грамматические структуры и употреблять их в речи, а также выполнить задания в разделе “Контроль знаний”.
INFINITIVE
When we want to talk about two actions together, we can use two verbs. The first verb follows the normal rules of person and tense, while the second verb is either a to-infinitive, a bare infinitive or an -ing form:
He will never agree to lend us that much money.
I challenge you to prove it.
I’ve always avoided visiting crowded places.
Practice doing that every morning.
We’re going to have to postpone visiting this meeting.
My colleague made me stay at work late at night.
I heard him talk to them.
Did you see her run?
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FORMS of INFINITIVE |
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Active voice |
Passive voice |
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Present |
(to) write |
(to) be written |
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Present continuous |
(to) be writing |
- |
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Perfect |
(to) have written |
(to) have been written |
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Perfect continuous |
(to) have been writing |
- |
1. Choose the correct forms.
1. Helen can't have been trying / to have tried to call us all day. The phone hasn't rung once.
2. I like to give / to be given presents to friends, but even more I like to give / to be given gifts.
3. He was sorry not to notice /not to have noticed the fax on the secretary's table.
4. The third key remained to have been tested / to be tested.
5. That woman is still sitting. She seems to be waiting / to have been waiting over an hour.
6. I intended to have been reminded/ to have reminded you of it earlier.
7. How can she work /be working in the garden now? It is already dark.
8. This meeting, Edwina realized, must have planned/ have been planned several hours ago.
9. The man seemed to study / to be studying me and I felt uneasy in his presence.
Verbs that can be followed by infinitives:
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afford agree appear arrange ask attempt (can’t) bear beg |
begin care choose consent continue dare decide expect |
fail forget go on happen hate help hesitate hope |
intend learn like love manage mean neglect offer |
prefer prepare pretend promise propose refuse regret remember |
seem start swear trouble try want wish |
2. Report the following sentences using one of these verbs: agree, ask, encourage, forget, hesitate, invite, promise, refuse, volunteer, warn
Ex.: You can’t borrow this book. She refused to lend me the book.
1. You should continue the course . She …
2. I’ll phone you soon. She…
3. Ok , I’ll join you. She…
4. Would you like to go out for dinner? She…
5. I’ll work some extra hours this week. She…
6. Don’t do out without a rain coat. She…
7. She is not sure to do a driving course. She …
8. She didn’t remember about his birthday. She …
9. She needs some help. She …
Structures with Infinitive:
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After verbs in structures verbs + to Infinitive |
I want to do it |
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After verbs in structures verbs + noun/pronoun + to Infinitive
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I want him to do it. |
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After verbs in structures noun/pronoun+verb+ to Infinitive |
The atom is known to emit rays of different length. |
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After would like/would love/would prefer (specific preference) |
I’d love to play tennis now. He would prefer to play tennis with Pete. |
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With such adjectives as nice, sorry, glad, happy, afraid, ashamed, kind, etc. |
He is glad to be back home again. |
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After It + be + adj. (+ of + noun/pronoun) |
It was nice of him to help. |
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After too and enough |
He was too small to clean the room. This exercise is too difficult for me to do. (before noun): I’ve got enough money to live on. (after adjective): I am old enough to be your father. |
3. Make all necessary changes in the following sentences using the phrases
I’d love and It’s nice of
1. It’s a pity I can’t have a swim right now. (love)
2. He is glad he wasn’t alone. (not like)
3. It’s a pity I didn’t see the film. (like)
4. I am sorry I didn’t read this detective story. (love)
5. It’s a pity I couldn’t travel by plain. (prefer)
6. It was nice (he) visit us in the country.
7. It was foolish (I) ski without a helmet.
8. It was kind (she) send me flowers for my birthday.
9. It was generous (they) donate money for the orphans.
4. Change the following sentences as shown in the example using too/enough+infinitive:
Ex. We can’t travel long distances because this car is not safe. This car is not safe enough to travel long distances.
1. You are planning a trip. The weather is not very nice.
2. He is afraid he cannot afford a new mobile phone. He is short of money now.
3. The room is not big. We cannot invite many guests.
4. We want to help you sort out this problem. However, we have little information about it.
5. These students are not hard working. They do not study well.
6. They would like to swim in the river. The water there is not clean.
7. His knowledge of grammar is poor. He won’t be able to pass the exam.
8. He can’t drive a car now. He is under 18.
9. My friend has a good income. He has visited a lot of countries.
Bare Infinitive is used:
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after verbs let, make, help but: after be made (passive) + to Infinitive |
The teacher made the students do this exercise again. We were made to clean the kitchen. |
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after verbs of sense perception see, hear, watch, notice, feel, etc. for complete actions but: after be seen, be heard (passive)+to Infinitive |
Several people saw him leave the house. He was seen to leave the house. |
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after had better, would rather |
I’d rather eat meat and vegetables. You’d better hurry. |
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after modal verbs |
You may stay with us. |
5. Put in the right form of the infinitives.
1. His car will (repair) next week.
2. She ought (start) work right now.
3. We should (tell) him you were not well.
4. He hopes (choose) for the national hockey team.
5. It is very important (listen) to people.
6. She must (speak) on the phone – I can hear her voice.
7. Let him (go).
8. We’d like (visit) this museum one day.
9. Try (not interrupt) him.
10. He must (joke).
6. There is one mistake in each sentence. Suggest appropriate corrections:
1. I let you to borrow my car while I am on holiday.
2. His parents encouraged work hard at school.
3. The student made to believe that he had done the task.
4. They persuaded me not buy a new computer.
5. I agreed go to the concert.
6. Next summer we decided spend in Spain.
7. I consider him be the best candidate for the job.
8. If you went, we’ll help you to arrange the seminar in philosophy.
9. She saw them to cross the street.
7. Choose the correct variant.
1. He was made ______.
a) resigning c) resign
b) to resign d) do not resign
2. Let’s _____ an apple pie for dessert.
a) to make c) make
b) making d) will make
3. The policeman saw the car _____ a lamp-stand.
a) hit c) would hit
b) how hit d) to hit
4. I heard her _____ that she was fed up.
a) to say c) had said
b) say d) saying
5. They made him _____ the money back.
a) had given c) give
b) to give d) giving
6. Did you feel the earth _____?
a) to move c) moving
b) is moving d) move
7. Could you help _____ the car?
a) will load c) to load
b) load d) loading
8. She was heard _____ that she was disagreed.
a) say c) to say
b) saying d) had said
9. Jack was seen _____ his house at midnight.
a) leave c) to leave
b) left d) will leave
10. She was made _____.
a) apologising c) to apologise
b) will apologise d) apologise
GERUND
Gerund is used:
1. As a noun: Her signing was beautiful.
2. After some verbs: admit, consider, enjoy, finish, forgive, go, miss, resist, suggest, understand, spend: Let’s go dancing! We discuss going to the cinema.
3. After verbs: like, dislike, love, prefer: He likes making presentation.
Verbs that can be followed by –ing forms:
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admit appreciate avoid burst out (crying/laughing) consider contemplate delay deny detest |
dislike endure enjoy escape excuse face fancy feel like finish forgive |
give up (can’t) help imagine involve keep (on) leave off mention mind miss
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postpone practice put off resent resist risk (can’t) stand suggest understand |
Examples: I enjoy reading very much.
He finished fixing the car in the afternoon.
1. Put in the correct forms of the verbs:
1. Do you enjoy (play) tennis?
2. She spends a lot of time (talk) on the phone.
3. Don’t put off (see) the eye doctor.
4. She pretended (not see) us.
5. We missed (see) the beginning of the play.
6. Would you mind (pass) the address book?
7. We managed (hire) a taxi.
8. Imagine (be) married to John!
9. You can’t help (enjoy) the film.
10. We expect (hear) from them soon.
11. We look forward to (visit) Italy in the summer.
12. Do you fancy (go) out tonight?
13. I don’t feel like (watch) TV.
14. When did he finish (study)?
2. Open the brackets using the appropriate forms of gerunds.
1. I don't mind (to stay) here for a little while.
2. The boy was afraid of (to punish) and hid himself.
3. She denied (to see) me at the concert though I'm sure I saw her in the stalls.
4. I want to thank her for (to look) after the children while I was out.
5. I remember (to take) to Paris when I was a very small child.
6. I sat on the doorstep thinking over my chances of (to escape) from home.
7. It's no good (to deny) that.
8. The coat showed evident signs of (to wear) on the preceding night.
9. Since Tom was their best friend, he helped them without (to ask).
10. He could not help (to know) that there were odious people who called him a snob.
3. Open the brackets using gerunds. Note the verbs and expressions the gerunds follow.
1. His friends suddenly burst out ___ (to laugh).
2. I've just started ___ (to learn) German.
3. My sister kept on ___ (to ask) me question after question.
4. He continued ___ (to type) while he spoke.
5. You may commence ___ (to read), Jeremy.
6. 1 couldn't help ___ (to think) he was asking for trouble.
7. You'd better stop____ (to talk) on the phone for hours.
8. 1 left school in 1990 and began ___ (to work) in my present job.
9. She had just finished ____(to dress) the children when the phone rang.
4. Transform the sentences according to the model.
Model : It's very difficult to windsurf properly. - Windsurfing
properly is very difficult.
1. It takes a long time to learn a foreign language.
2. Grow your own food, It's less expensive.
3. Give up smoking: it will make you feel better.
4. A good way of keeping fit is to swim every day.
5. It's impossible to park your car during office hours.
6. Ann is often late. It makes the teacher very cross.
5. Paraphrase the following sentences using gerunds according to the model. Insert prepositions where necessary.
Model: Do you have to travel in your job? — Does your job involve ... ?
Does your job involve travelling?
1. He can swim very well. — He is good ....
2. Tom said 'Let's have fish for dinner'. — Tom suggested ....
3. I don't want to go out this evening. — I don't fancy ....
4. Are you sorry you didn't take the job? — Do you regret... ?
5. It's not a good idea to travel during the rush-hour. — It's better to avoid ....
6. Could you turn the radio down please? — Would you mind ...?
7. The driver of the car said it was true that he didn't have a license. — The driver of the car admitted....
10. I'd visit the museum if I were you. The museum is worth ....
6. Transform the sentences so as to use gerunds. Add prepositions by, in, without, but for, in case of.
Model: She ran five miles, she didn't stop. - She ran five miles without stopping.
1. He translated the article, he didn't use a dictionary.
2. It's nice to go on holiday if you don't have to worry about money.
3. You do a lot of reading, this way you can improve your English.
4. If you drive dangerously, you put people's lives at risk.
5. She got married; nobody knew about it.
6. George took more exercise and so lost weight.
7. If he hadn't noticed his friend in the crowd, they wouldn't have met.
8. He climbed through the window; nobody saw him.
9. You can't help someone get up a hill if you don't get closer to the top yourself.
10. You create your opportunities when you ask for them.
The difference in meaning between Infinitive and Gerund
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Some verbs can change their meaning when they are followed by a Gerund or an Infinitive |
She forgot to pick up the dry cleaning.
I’ll never forget travelling abroad for the first time. |
Did you remember to bring me my CD?
I remember telling you about the party yesterday. |
He didn’t mean to insult you.
Getting a second job means having less free time. |
I regret to inform you that your application was rejected.
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I tried to tell him the truth, but he wouldn’t listen.
If you can’t sleep, try drinking some warm milk. |
While he was jogging, he stopped to tie his shoelaces.
Mr. jones stopped working at the age of 65. |
I’d prefer to eat out tonight. It’s such a lovely evening.
I prefer eating home-made food to eating junk food. |
7. Choose the correct verb forms:
1. Do you
remember (meet) them two years ago?
2. He regrets (not call) his group mate when she was not well.
3. Sorry, I forgot (post) you.
4. Do you went to go on (learn) programming?
5. She doesn’t allow us (make) long distance calls.
6. The hospital allows (visit) at weekends.
7. Would you like (join) us?
8. The mechanic will try (mending) my car tomorrow.
9. If nothing else works, try (reading) the instructions.
10. We had to stop at the petrol station (get) petrol.
11. She stopped (work) at the age of 60.
12. I regret (tell) you that you have poor results.
8. Choose the correct variant for the verb phrases:
1. Pupils wouldn’t like wearing/to wear a uniform.
2. She is very good at motivating/to motivate other people.
3. We don’t mind working/to work long hours.
4. Nobody wants travelling/to travel a lot for work.
5. She can’t stand being/to be part of a team.
6. We are thinking of moving/to move a new house.
7. It’s important making/to make a good impression.
8. You are going to start working/to work in a new company next week.
9. He objected paying/to pay for it.
10. I hate to say/saying goodbye to the people who are dear to me.